Feeding apparatus for sheet material



March 4, 1969 J. G. BENJAMIN FEEDING APPARATUS FOR SHEETMATERIAL Original Filed May 28, 1965 Sheet of 5 LLf 2z 22 l l March 4, 1969 J. G. BENJAMIN FEEDING APPARATUS FOR SHEET MATERIAL Sheet Original Fil-ed May 28, 1965 INVENTOR. JOHN Gf BENJAMIN March 4, 1969 1. G. BENJAMIN 3,430,952

FEEDING APPARATUS TOR SHEET MATERIAL original Filed May 2s, 1965 sheet 3 of a l DIFFERENTIATOR 4.15'l /lf INVENTOR. @705W @BENJAMIN March 4, 1969 J. G. BENJAMIN 3,430,952

v FEEDING APPARATUS FOR SHEET MATERIAL Original Filed May 28, 1965 Sheet 4 f 5 INVENTOR. J'oHN TEEAyAMIN March 4, 1969 J.G.BEN.1AM|N FEEDING APPARATUS FOR SHEET MATERIAL Sheet Original Filed May 28, 1965 ELECTROMAGNETIC l,

g 443 INVENTOR. 6,00 JOHN 6.' BEAUAMJN I United States Patent 3,430,952 FEEDING APPARATUS FOR SHEET MATERIAL John G. Benjamin, Minneapolis, Minn., assignor to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of Delaware Original application May 28, 1965, Ser. No. 459,695, now Patent No. 3,358,554, dated Dec. 19, 1967. Divided and this application Aug. 8, 1967, Ser. No. 672,662

U.S. Cl. 271--74 11 Claims Int. Cl. B65h 29/15, 29/24 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Sheet material feeding apparatus is shown wherein a sheet material to be fed is inserted into a passageway, detected by a radiation sensitive means, is engaged and moved along said passageway by a feeding means. Further, the apparatus disclosed herein includes means for removing wrinkles from a sheet as the material passes between a pair of selectively engaged belts. Also, the apparatus disclosed herein includes use of at least one belt formed of a sufliciently foraminous material to permit a negative pressure to be selectively extended therethrough to the under surface of the sheet material whereby the sheet material is maintained in contact with the belt by means of a differential pressure existing between the surfaces of the sheet material.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 459,695, tiled May 28, 1965, now `Patent No. 3,358,554.

The present invention is concerned with feeding apparatus for sheet material and more particularly with apparatus for feeding sheet material having intelligence thereon upon which an operation is performed as the sheet material passes through the apparatus.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a feeding means comprising a plurality of belts, the initial engaging portions of which are normally separated but are automatically brought into engagement upon the approach of the leading edge of the sheet material.

A further object of the invention is to provide such an arrangement in which such initially engaging portions of the belt are automatically separated as the sheet material leaves the area adjcent said portions.

A further object of the invention is to provide a belt construction for use in automatic feeding of sheet material in which the belt is suitably perforated topermit the transmission of air therethrough to control the engagement of the sheet material with the belt by a pressure differential across the sheet material, which may be on or adjacent to the belts outer surface.

A still further object of the present invention is to subject the sheet material to successive ilexing operations to produce fatigue in any wrinkles therein so as to facilitate substantial dewrinkling of the sheet material.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel form of belt in which the belt exerts a smoothing action upon the paper causing a smoothing effect like one attainable when human hands are used in attempting to remove wrinkles from sheet material.

A still further object of the invention is to provide means for maintaining the sheet material in viewing position where any intelligence thereon can be operated upon in a desired manner, such sheet being maintained in viewing position in such a manner as to be relatively free from wrinkles and without any holding means engaging the paper on the side to be viewed.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a means operating in conjunction with the means for driving the belts whereby the normal forward motion of said belts can be very quickly stopped at any time and can be selectively reversed.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an arrangement in which the retention of the sheet material against or its release from a main carrier belt is accomplished by the selective use of air under vacuum or under pressure.

A further object of the invention is to provide an arrangement in which the driving belts are freed of lint or other foreign material.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a sheet material feeding mechanism in which a large number of functions are controlled from a relatively small number of manual actuators by selective manipulation of these actuators in various ways.

A still further object of the invention is to provide a sheet material feeding mechanism particularly adapted for use in a character recognition system where the characters to be recognized appear as indicia on the sheet material.

Other objects of the invention will be apparent from a consideration of the accompanying specification, claims and drawing in which:

FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of my apparatus for feeding sheet material, showing the exterior of the cabinet in which said apparatus is housed;

FIGURE 2 is a sectional view, partly schematic, taken along the line 2-2 of FIGURE l and looking in the direction of the arrows adjacent that line;

FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary frontal sectional view of a portion of the apparatus generally illustrated in 'FIGURE 2 with certain portions omitted for purposes of clarity;

yFIGURE 4 is a top plan view of a fragmentary portion of the apparatus for tiltably adjusting and guiding the sheet material as it passes therethrough;

FIGURE 5 is a sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of FIGURE 4;

FIGURE 6 is a fragmentary frontal sectional view of the left-hand knob assembly illustrated in FIGURES 1 and 2;

FIGURE 7 is a schematic view of the mechanism for shifting the belts and for retaining the tilting mechanism in depressed position and the electrical apparatus and circuitry for controlling the same;

FIGURE 8 is a sectional view of a portion of a iirst of the belts;

FIGURE 9 is a side elevational view showing the manner in which the sheet material is operated upon by the coaction of the first and second belts;

FIGURE l0 is a top plan view of the surface of a portion of the second belt;

FIGURE 11 is a view taken from underneath the sheet material, assuming the sheet material to be transparent and showing the effect of the engagement of the belt of FIGURES 9 and l0 with the sheet material;

FIGURE lla is a transverse sectional view of a portion of the belt of FIGURES 9 and 10, adjacent the longitudinal center line thereof;

FIGUR-E 12 is a view partly in section looking toward the left-hand side of the cabinet as viewed in FIGURE 1 and showing the means for driving the various belts;

FIGURE 13 is a view partly in section showing the mechanism by which one of the knobs can be employed to manually move the belt driving mechanism; and

FIGURE 14 is a schematic view showing the manner in which the electromagnetic clutch and reversing mechanism and the braking mechanism are controlled.

Referring first to FIGURE 1, I have shown my improved sheet material handling mechanism as part of -a character reading apparatus for which the sheet material handling mechanism is particularly designed. The reference numeral 10 is employed to designate an overall cabinet having a front wall 11, a left side wall 12 and a top wall 13. Front wall 11 is provided with a recessed portion 14 which is designed to accommodate the legs and knees of an operator when he is seated in a chair in front of the apparatus. Cabinet is also provided with a rear wall 16 and a bottom wall 17, Iboth shown in FIG- URE 2. On the right-hand side of the cabinet, the apparatus may have a plurality of drawers 18 for housing various portions of the equipment.

The top wall 13 is depressed at the front to provide a shelf portion 20. This shelf portion, as best shown in FIGURE 3, is provided on its left-hand side with a plurality of concentric knobs 21 and 22. These knobs, as will be explained in more detail later, are provided for the purpose of positioning and clamping the sheet material being fed through the mechanism. The shelf also has thereon knobs 23 and 24, which are used to control the feeding mechanism, as will be described later.

As also best shown in FIGURE 3, a substantial portion of the shelf portion is cut away to provide an open- L ing over which is fastened a plate 25 having an opening 26 and a throat portion 27 communicating with the opening 26. The plate 25, as shown in FIGURE 3, is provided on its underside near its rear edge with hooks 28 (only one of which is shown) which extend under a flange port upper wall 32. The lower wall 31 is relatively short, terminating adjacent to a belt 34. As will be explained in more detail, the tubular extension bounded by the two walls 31 and 32 provides an initial guide for sheet material inserted in the opening 26. The extension is accordingly of a width exceeding the width of the material to -be handled lby the apparatus.

An elongated lens element 37 is supported by a pair of bracket vmembers 38 and 39 secured to the underside of the plate 25 as shown in FIGURE 3. This lens element has an upper curved surface 40 which may be viewed by an operator and a lower curved surface 41 which faces the sheet material passing through the apparatus. It will be noted that the curved surface 41 passes close to but slightly spaced from any sheet material carried by the belt 34. As will be explained in more detail, the lens 37 is employed `for a variety of functions including that of determining whether the row or rows of indicia on the paper are tilted or are correctly lined up. The lens element also aids in determining not only the size but also the disposition of the indicia on the paper, and the extent to which the paper or other sheet material is wrinkled.

In order to illuminate the sheet material as it is passing beneath the lens 37, there are provided a plurality of light =bulbs 42 which are shown in FIGURE 3. As best shown in FIGURE 3, these can be fastened in clips formed from upturning a portion of the upper wall 32 of the tubular extension 27 of the upper plate 25. As best shown in FIGURE 3, there will be a plurality of these bulbs 42 spaced across the entire width of the sheet material so as to uniformly illuminate the same as the sheet material passes beneath the lens 37. It is, of course, understood that the bulbs 42 will be connected to any suitable source of electricity, being energized whenever the apparatus is to -be placed into operation.

Referring to FIGURE 2, it will be noted that in addition to belt 34, there are two other belts 44 and 45. Belt 44 passes over three rollers 46, 47 and 48. Roll 48 is driven by means to be described later. The belt 34 is disposed over rollers 50, 51, 52, 53 and 54, all but 52 of which are driven rollers.

The third belt 45 is disposed over rollers 56, 57 and S8, roller 57 ybeing a driven roller. Belts 34 and 44 are of special construction which will be described later. Roller 46 is journaled on an axle carried by a pair of crossbars 49 which are journaled about the shaft on which roller 47 is journaled. As can be determined from a comparison of FIGURE 2 and FIGURE 3, the bars 49 are tiltable about the shaft of rollers 47 so as to carry the roller 46 between an uppermost position shown in FIG- URE 3 to the position shown in FIGURE 2 in which the belt 44 is in clamping engagement with the sheet material being supplied to the apparatus. The means for moving the `bar 49 from the position shown in FIGURE 3 to that shown in FIGURE 2 in which the belts are in clamping relation will be described later.

Referring back to the cabinet and particularly to FIG- URES l and 2, it will lbe observed that any sheet material inserted in the opening 26 will be engaged between belts 34 and 44 when the bars 49 are tilted to the position shown in FIGURE 2 and that this material will be carried between the two belts. As will be discussed in more detail later, the belts are of such construction and so disposed with respect to the various rollers over which they are passed that this passage of the sheet material between the Ibelts 34 and 44 not only transports the 'sheet material but also results in a significant smoothing of any wrinkles in the sheet material.

While the material is passing underneath the lens 37 and before being engaged by the belt 44, the material passes over a vacuum box l having a plurality of vanes 69 therein, as will be described presently. The belt 34 is apertured and when suction is present in box 60 the suction effect is transmitted through belt 34 to the sheet material lying on belt 34 to hold the sheet material firmly in engagement with the belt. This arrangement is particularly important where automatic feeding equipment is employed for introducing the sheet material. After leaving the belt 44, the paper overlies a portion of the belt 34 which passes over a second vacuum chamber y62. This box 62 is provided therein with a plurality of vanes which extend substantially into the interior chamber of box 62 `and whose outer extremities lie in the same plane as the outer edge walls of the box. The outer extremity of the walls may be some material of very low coeicient of friction, such as the 'uorocarbon plastics commonly known as Teflon and Kel-F. It is to be understood that Athe other Wall edges of chamber y62 in contact with belt 34 are similarly provided with outer extremities formed of such low friction material.

The vacuum box 62 is connected through a fitting 66 and any suitable conduit y67 (shown schematically in FIGURE 2) to a source `68 of vacuum. Vacuum cham-ber `60 may also be connected, as will be described later, to the vacuum source 68. It is to be understood that vacuum chamber 60 is formed similarly to chamber 62, having the edges engaging the belt 34 being coated with a low friction material. Similarly, the chamber 60, as indicated by the dotted line 69, has a series of vanes therein.

As was previously noted and as will be described in more detail, the belt 34 is formed with a plurality of openings therethrough. The low pressure present in lbox 62 can thus be applied through the belt 34 to act on any sheet material disposed thereon. The presence of the low pressure in box `62 not only allows the higher pressure exterior of the box to hold the sheet material in position on the belt 34 without any support but also enables the higher exterior pressure to hold the sheet material in a at position relatively free of wrinkles.

While the sheet material being processed is disposed over the portion of belt 34 passing the face of the vacuum chamber 62 it is in the position in which it can be processed in the desired manner. The area being processed has a width L and a height H, as indicated by legends on FIG- URE 2.

Referring back to the movement of the sheet material through the apparatus and back to FIGURE 2, the sheet material will, as pointed out above, be pressure held to the belt 34 as it passes downwardly through viewing and scanning region H in front of the vacuum chamber 62, due to the vacuum in the chamber. As the sheet material passes below the chamber, it is engaged between belts 45 and 34, being once again held between two belts. Upon leaving belt 45, the sheet material is caused to pass into either one of two hoppers 110 and 111. The hopper 110 has an upper wall portion 112 which at its uppermost portion is bent slightly to the right to help deflect any sheets moving along the belt into the hopper 110. Below the uppermost deilector portion, the upper wall 112 drops almost vertically downwardly to enable the sheet to drop relatively freely after leaving the belt 34. Thereafter, the upper wall 112 slants on a diagonal, terminating at a slot 114 partially closed by a stop plate 115. The lower wall 113 of the hopper 110 extends generally parallel to the upper wall 112. At its upper end, like wall 112, it is provided with a sloping deflecting portion to facilitate the removal of sheets from the belt 34. Since this lower wall 113 constitutes the upper wall of the other hopper 111, the primary function of this deecting portion is to deflect material into hopper 111 when this action is called for, as will be presently explained. The lower wall 113 is abruptly bent at 116 to cause the lower portion of the wall 113 to be offset downwardly with respect to the remaining portion. The purpose of this is to permit the sheets of material entering the hopper 110 to pile up and yet not interfere with the passage of additional sheets. The depth of the offset 116 determines the thickness of the pile of material that can be allowed to accumulate in hopper 110 before the pile has to be withdrawn through slot 114.

The hopper 111 is very similar to hopper 110 having a lower wall 120, the lowermost portion of which is offset at 121 with respect to the upper portion to allow sheet material to accumulate therein and not to impede the passage of further sheets onto the pile. The hopper 111 terminates at its lower end in an opening 122 which is partially closed by a stop plate 123. As explained previously, the extreme upper end of the wall 113 common to the hoppers 110 and 111 is bent to the right somewhat so that while papers are to be discharged into the hopper 111, the upper end of wall 113 tends to separate the material from the belt 34. It will be further noted that the wall 113, common to the two hoppers or passages 110` wardly into the position where it is resting against the stop plate 123 adjacent the opening 122.

I employ means for determining whether the material being fed enters hopper 110 or 111. For this purpose, I provide a pressure box 126 which may be either maintained at a positive pressure or at a negative pressure with respect to ambient pressure. The edges of this box in contact with belt 34 may also have low friction material thereon, similar to edge 64 of box 62. Connected to this box is a suitable conduit 127 which leads to the outlet passage of a three-way valve 128. This valve may be of any of various types of three-way valves but is shown schematically as having a valve spool 129 with an L-shaped passage 130. The valve 128 is connected to two inlet conduits 131 leading to a positive pressure source 132 and conduit 133 leading to the negative pressure source 68 previously referred to. A solenoid actuator 139 is employed to rotate the valve spool 129. In the position shown, which is the normal position, the spool 129 is in a position in which the box 126 is connected through conduit 127, the L-shaped passage 130 and conduit 133 to the negative pressure source 68 so that a negative pressure is maintained in the box 126. The box 126 is provided with vanes or other means providing apertures in its lower face, as with box 62, so that the low pressure present in box 126 is applied through belt 34 (which, as previously explained, is perforated) to the bottom surface of any sheet material on belt 34 to cause the ambient pressure on the sheet material top surface to hold it in engagement with the belt 34 as the sheet material passes the upper end of the hopper wall member 113 dividing hoppers 110and 111. Under these conditions, the material enters the hopper which is the good paper hopper. In order to facilitate the separation of the paper or the sheet material from the belt 34, I have provided an elongated tube 135, the end of which constitutes a nozzle. This tube 135 is connected through a conduit 136 to the pressure source 132. The effect of tube 135 is to cause any paper passing the divider 113 between hoppers 110 and 111 to be dcected away from the belt 34 to enter the hopper 110.

Where it is desirable to reject certain sheets, means are provided for insuring that these sheets go down the reject hopper 111 so that the sheets which havee been properly processed are in one hopper while those which have not been processed are in a different hopper.

Where the apparatus is used merely to feed one sheet through at a time, the solenoid valve 139 can be controlled directly through a manual switch, which is part of the knob 23 assembly. This switch is shown schematically in series with the winding of the solenoid 139 and designated by the reference numeral 137. The switch 137 may have a further automatically controlled switch in parallel therewith. As will be described later, I provide automatic means for sensing when a paper or sheet approaches the roller 46, this means being effective to lower roller 46 into the position shown in FIGURE 2. The same means may be employed for producing a signal indicative of the position on the belt of the sheet at that time. When it is determined automatically, such as by the scanning apparatus being unable to scan the material, this parallel switch will be closed momentarily. Regardless of whether the solenoid valve is manually or automatically controlled, the actuation of the valve 128 will be done an accordance with belt position and time so that the pressure will be applied to chamber 126 to eject the sheet into the reject hopper 111 at exactly the time that the leading edge of the sheet to be rejected is passing roller 58. Furthermore, the apparatus can automatically sense the trailing edge of the sheet and determine when the pressure should be removed from chamber 126 and the vacuum reapplied.

Mechanism for controlling tilt and for engaging driving means When the operator observes that a typical line of indicia is tilted and the sheet is being introduced manually, he may initially correct this by simply grasping the sheet manually and tilting it until the line is correctly lined up with respect to the longitudinal guide lines 140, 141 and 142. It is always possible, however, that such manual alignment may be difficult or too inaccurate or that shifting of the sheet material may occur after the sheet is initially lined up and I accordingly provide further more precise means controllable from the outside of the cabinet to additionally correct such alignment. As best shown in FIGURE 3, I provide a plurality of rollers or wheels and 161 (roller 160 being shown in FIGURE 5 and roller 161 being shown in FIGURE 3). These two rollers are journaled on a rectangular frame 162 consisting of two side bars 163 (FIGURE 3) and 164 (FIGURE 5). These two side bars are journaled to the underside of the plate 25 through brackets 166. The two side bars 163 and 164 are held together by longitudinally extending cross bars 167, 168 and 169, as best shown in FIGURE 5. The roller 160 is mounted upon a shaft 170 which yieldably journaled in the side bar 164 and a further bar extending between bars 168 and 169. At the inner end of shaft 170 there is secured a bevel gear 171. The roller 161 is similarly secured to a shaft 172 to which is secured at its inner end another bevel gear 173. Cooperating with bevel gears 171 and 173 is a third bevel gear 174 secured to a shaft 175 journaled in the longitudinal cross bar 168 and a bracket 176 secured to the cross bar 167. The axle 175 has a collar 177 secured thereto and a biasing spring 178 is interposed between this collar and the bracket 17 6. Biasing spring 178 is normally eective to bias the bevel gear 174 to the position shown.

As can be observed in FIGURE 3 in connection with the side bar 163, the two side bare 163 and 164 pass through slots out into the underside of the lens 37. As pointed out previously, these slots actually form the guide lines 144 and 152 and the width of these slots serves to accentuate their importance as special transverse guide lines. Similarly, the axle 175 carrying the bevel gear 174 passes through a slot cut in the underside of the lens 37; this slot serves as a width-accentuated center line 148.

As twill be presently explained, the rollers 160 and 161 are employed for varying the tile of the paper. In addition, l provide a further roller to engage the papers midpoint while the tilt correction action is taking place. The mounting of this third tilt correction roller is best shown by FIGURES 4 and 5. This third roller is designated by the reference numeral 185 and is secured on a shaft 186 which extends through slots 187 in opposed bracket members 189 and 190. As will be apparent from FIGURE 5, the shaft 186 is biased by means of springs 192 to its lowermost position in the slots 187, in which position, as best seen in FIGURE 5, the paper engaging surface of Wheel 185 extends below rollers 160 and 161. It will thus be obvious that shaft 186 is yieldably journaled in bracket members 189 and 190. Desirably, the axles 170 and 172 of rollers 160 and 161 are also yieldably journaled in the rectangular frame 162 in a manner similar to that in which axle 186 of roller 185 is yieldably journaled in bracket members 189 and 190.

The rectangular frame 162 is depressed by means of an inverted L-shaped bar 195, shown in section in FIGURE 3, which is pivoted adjacent the right-hand side of the casing. The lower end of the upright portion of bar 195 engages a hook-shaped bracket 198 secured to the cross bar 169, as -best shown in FIGURES 3, 4 and 5. It will be obvious that if the bar 195 is moved downwardly (as viewed in FIGURE 3) by rocking the left-hand end about the pivot point of bar 195, the bar 195 will be effective to put downward pressure on the hook-shaped bracket 198 and tilt the entire rectangular frame 162 in a clockwise direction (as viewed in FIGURE 3) so that the rollers 160, 161 and 185 are lowered to the position shown in FIGURE 3 in which they engage any material passing beneath lens 37.

The means for depressing the left-hand end of lever 19S will now be described. This means includes a lever aum 199 journaled on a shaft 200 as best shown in FIGURE 3. The forward end of lever arm 199 engages the short leg of the inverted L-shaped bar 195. `It will be obvious that (as viewed in FIGURE 3) counterclockwise movement of shaft 200 will cause the forward end of arm 199 to swing downwardly to force the bar 195 downwardly. The shaft 200 is journaled between a left side main bearing plate 201 to which reference will be made from` time to time and a suitable bracket secured to the outer wall 12 of the apparatus. This shaft 200 in turn has a lever arm 202 rigidly secured thereto. Connected in turn to the lever arm 202 is a link member 203 (FIGURE 3) which in turn is pivoted to the left-hand end of a lever member 204 journaled at 205' to a bracket secured to the side 12 of the housing, The left-hand or forward end of lever 204 is designed to be actuated by the depression of the outer knob 22. In order to understand how this action takes place, the knobs 21 and 22 will now be described in detail.

The construction of the assembly including knobs 21 and 22 is best shown in FIGURES 3 and 6. These two knobs are both supported in -a cylindrical bracket 206 having spaced, concentric cylindrical walls 207 and 208 to form an annular channel therebetween, which channel is opened at its upper end and closed by a bottom wall. The knob 22 has a downwardly extending annular portion 210 which extends into the annular channel of bracket 206. This annular portion 210 has its lower end resting on a lbearing ring 211 slidably disposed within the annular channel of bracket 208 and having its lower end resting upon a spring 212 seated on the bottom wall of the annular channel. The bearing ring 211 is a conventional twopart bearing ring having ball bearings disposed therebetween. The lower part of bearing ring 211 has a plurality of pins 214 spaced 4degrees apart (only two of which are shown in FIGURES 3 and 6). As pointed out previously, FIGURE 6 is a sectional view so that the view is taken along two, sectional planes displaced 120. Thus, the two pins 214 shown in FIGURE 6 are actually spaced 120 even though they appear in FIGURE 6 to be opposite to each other. These pins 214 extend through vertically disposed slots 215 in the outer wall 208 of the bracket member 206. The pins 214 serve to guide the downward movement of knob 22 when it is depressed. The pins 214 have other functions also. The pin 214 shown on the left-hand side of FIGURE 6 is connected to a lin-k 217 which, as shown in FIGURE 3, is connected to the left-hand end of lever bar 204. It will be obvious that the "depression of knob 22 against the action of spring 212 causes the pins 214 to be forced downwardly. This in turn causes link 217 to be pushed downwardly, rotating the lever bar 204 in a counterclockwise direction (as viewed in FIGURE 3) to raise link 206 and to rock shaft 200 in a counterclockwise direction to depress the Ibar 195 and the pivoted rectangular frame 162 to the position shown in FIGURE 3. The frame when so moved is designed to be held in its depressed or tilted position shown in FIGURE 3 by an electromagnetically controlled catch to be described presently.

Continuing with the assembly consisting of knobs 21 and 22, the inner Wall 207 of the bracket 206 encloses a cylindrical Ichamber which extends substantially below the outer Wall 208 so as to be of substantially greater depth than the annular chamber bounded by walls 207 and 208. This inner cylindrical chamber is provided with a bottom wall 220 having a cylindrical apertured boss 221 extending downwardly from the center thereof. A cylindrical sleeve 224 is slidably mounted within the inner cylindrical chamber of bracket 206, being guided in this movement by a plurality of pins 225 spaced 120 apart and extending outwardly through vertical slots 226 (FIGURE 3) in the lower extended inner wall 207 of the bracket 206. A spring 227 is interposed lbetween the lower portion of sleeve 224 and the bottom wall 220 of the bracket 206. Secured to the sleeve 224 as by screws 229 is a gear reduction box 230 having an upper input shaft 231 and a lower output shaft 232. The upper shaft 231 has the knob 21 secured thereto las by a set screw 233. The lower output shaft 232 is secured through a suitable coupling means to a flexible shaft 234 capable of transmitting both thnust and rotation. The shaft 234 is located in a flexible housing 235. As best shown in FIGURE 3, the flexible shaft 23'4 and its housing 235 extend from the location of knobs 21 and 22 past the main bearing plate 201 to where housing 235 is fastened to a connector member 239 through which the internal shaft 234 is operatively connected to the collar 177 of shaft 175 for transmitting both longitudinal and rotative movement to the shaft 175 and collar 177. The connector 239 is also designed to permit the ready disconnection of the shaft 235 from collar 177 and thus from the shaft 175, and also ready disconnection of housing 235 from connector member 239 and thus from bracket 167, for reasons to be referred to later.

It will be readily seen from FIGURE 6 that when knob 21 is depressed, the flexible shaft 234 is forced downwardly. This movement is transmitted by shaft 234 through the housing 235 to the shaft 175 against the biasing effect of spring 178 to force the bevel 174 into engagement with the bevel gears 171 and 173 connected respectively to shafts and 172. If knob 21 is not rotated, this rotative movement of the shaft 234 will be transferred to shaft to cause rotation of bevel gear 174. This will cause one of the two bevel gears 171 to move in one direction and the other to move in the opposite direction. As previously pointed out, bevel gear 171 is operatively connected to .'Wheel 160 whereas bevel gear 173 is operatively connected to wheel 161. Thus, any rotation of knob 21 while it is depressed will cause equal and opposite rotation of the two wheels 160 and 1161. As can be seen from FIGURE 3 in conneciton with wheel 161, the wheels are provided with rubber tires 240 having a relatively high amount of friction. Thus, any rotation of wheel 161 in one direction and ywheel 160 in the other direction will cause rotation of the sheet. During such rotation, the sheet will pivot approximately about its engagement with the intermediate wheel 185 which remains stationary.

It will thus readily be seen that the sheet can be tilted one way or the other by manipulation of knob 21. This can be done while the operator is looking through the lens 37 Iand determining whether the particular line of indicia chosen for the purpose of properly aligning the sheet, is parallel to the lines 140-142. By the use of lens 37 and by the manipulation of knob 21, in the manner above described, the selected line of material can be quickly aligned. As soon as the alignment is completed, knob 21 is released. The knob 21, the reduction gear assembly 230 and the sleeve 224 are all moved upwardly by the action of biasing spring 227 to return the cable 234 to its original position. This permits the spring 178 (FIGURE 3) to move shaft 175 to the position shown in which the bevel gear 174 is disengaged from bevel gears 171 'and 173. Rollers 160 and 161 are now free to rotate by reason of the motion thereunder of belt 34 together with -any sheet material belt 34 may carry on its outer surface without exerting any tilting effect upon the sheet material.

In the -above description, it has been assumed that the rectangular frame 162 was initially in its -uppermost position and that the sheet was manually aligned before using the rollers 160, 161. It may be desirable, however, with an experienced operator, to leave the frame 162 in the positon shown in FIGURE 3, even when the sheet material is being fed manually. Under these conditions, a suitable vacuum is maintained in chamber 60 so that the higher external pressure will act t-o hold the sheet material against belt 34 'with appropriate force. Thus, movement of belt 34 will carry the sheet material beneath the rollers 160 and 161 even though they vare in the lowered position. Under these conditions, the tilting can be done very quickly by momentarily braking one or the other of the two rollers 160 and 161 in such a way that the sheet material is frictionally held at one side by the tire 240 on the wheel being braked, while belt 34 slips underneath the held edge of the sheet material, and the opposite edge of the sheet material is carried forward toward roller 51 by the motion of belt 34.

The means for latching the tiltable frame 162 in a depressed position and for swinging the bars 49, and thus the roller 46 they carry, into the depressed position of FIGURE 2 will now be described. Referring rst to FIG- URE 3, it will be noted that a shaft 325 is journaled in the left-hand main bearing plate 1 and a corresponding plate 326 on the lright-hand side of the belt 34. This bearing plate has secured thereto at each of its ends a yoke member 327 best shown in FIGURE 3. Each of these yoke members is adapted to control its respective roller-carrying bar 49 by engaging a collar member 328 which is fastened to and projects from the outer surface of its associated bar 49. Each collar member 328 forms a journal for one end of the shaft 329 on which roller 46 is carried. It will be obvious that clockwise rotation of shaft 325 Ias viewed in FIGURE 3 will cause the shaft 329 carrying the roller 46 to be lowered until it assumes the position shown in FIGURE 2.

The rotation of sh-aft 325 is accomplished through an electromagnet 330 (FIGURE 7) secured to the left-hand side of the left-hand main bearing plate 201 (FIGURE 7). This electromagnet is secured to the bearing plate close Cil to the lower edge thereof so as to be free of the various gears used in the mechanism for driving the rollers. The bearing plate is shown in FIGURE 7 with a portion thereof broken away. The electromagnet is provided with a movable armature 331 adapted to be drawn downwardly upon energization of the magnet. This is coupled through a spring 332 `with a link 333 secured to an arm 334 fastened to the shaft 325 on the left-hand side of bearing plate 201. The arm 334 is normally biased to the position shown in FIGURE 7 which corresponds to the position in which the elements are shown in FIGURE 3, by a spring 336 interposed -between the arm 334 and some suitable bracket secured to the bearing plate 201. It will be obvious that .upon energization of the electromagnet 330, the armature 331, in being drawn downwardly, causes counterclockwise rotation of arm 334 (as viewed in FIGURE 7). This in turn will cause clockwise movement of shaft 325 as it is viewed in FIGURE 3, FIGURE 7 being a view from the left-hand side of the cabinet Iand FIGURE 3 `a view from the right-hand side. The rotation of shaft 335, as mentioned above, will cause the yoke members 327 to rotate in a clockwise direction (as viewed in FIG- URE 3) to bring the roller 46 into the position shown in FIGURE 2 in which the belt 44 is brought into engagement with the belt 34.

Mounted on the same side of plate 201 is a mechanism for holding the tiltable bar and consequently the frame 162 in its depressed position. A spring biased catch 335 is adapted to extend over the short horizontal leg of bar 195, as best shown in FIGURE 7. This catch 335 is secured to a lever 341, being biased by fa spring 337 into a latching position shown in FIGURE 7. The lower portion of lever 341 carries an armature 338 which is `adapted to cooperate with an electromagnet 339 secured on a frame 340 which in turn is secured to the main bearing plate 201. It will be obvious that lwhen the electromagnet 339 is energized, the armature 338 is drawn to the right causing the latch member 335 to disengage from the bar 195. Under these conditions, a biasing spring 346 extending between the tiltable bars 163 and 164 Iand the cover member 25 (as shown in FIGURE 3) is effective to move the frame in a counterclockwise direction to the point at which -rollers 160, 161 and 186 are released from the sheet lmaterial on belt 34 or belt 34 itself.

The electrical circuit connections for controlling the energization of magnets 330 Iand 339 will now be described. Referring rst to FIGURE 3, it will be noted that I have provided a light source 349 mounted in a reector 342. It will be understood that the light source 349 is relatively long and extends substantially the full width of the sheet material. The same is true of the reflector 342. In the outer portion of the reflector 342 is a cylindrical lens 344. As has been mentioned previously and as will be described in more detail later, the belt 34 is provided with a plurality of apertures therethrough or, in some embodiments, belt 34 may be fabricated of materials which make it translucent, as will be presently described. Thus some of the light passing from bulb 349 and through lens 344 onto the under surface of the Vbelt 34 is able to pass therethrough. Mounted between the two yoke members 327 and extending substantially the full width of the belt 34 is a light sensitive photosensitive element 345.A typical cell that is suitable is a selenium volataic cell of the B-l7 type made by the International Rectifier Corporation. It will be noted from FIGURE 3 that even though shaft 325 lies between the light source 349 and the light sensitive cell 345, the light sensitive cell is subjected to illumination for the full width thereof. This is also true despite the presence of the right-hand wall of chamber 60 adjacent a portion of the lens 344. It will be seen that the effect of the light 349 and the lens 344 is to illuminate a narrow strip on the underside of belt 34 with su'icient intensity so that the amount of light emerging from the top surface of belt 34 above this strip is sufficient to reliably actuate photosensitive element 345. This illuminated strip extends substantially the full width of belt 34 and at least between that width represented `by the distance between transverse lines 152 and 144 of lens 37 and the 'width of the strip extends substantially between points 347 and 348 on FIGURE 3. The light coming through belt 34 at point 347, as can be seen from the depicted lightpath, is able to illuminate the extreme left-hand edge of the light sensitive element 345. Similarly, despite the presence of shaft 325 the light at point 348 is able to illuminate the righthand edge of the light sensitive element 345. Thus, despite the presence of shaft 325, the light sensitive element 345 is adequately illuminated for the control purposes to be described momentarily. It `will also be noted that `when the roller 46 is lowered, the roller will intercept that part of this light coming from the strip region adjacent to point 347 so as to diminish the illumination of the cell. I have provided means for compensating for this which will be described in connection with FIGURE 7.

Referring to FIGURE 7, it will be noted that one terminal of cell 345 is grounded and the opposite terminal thereof is connected through a conductor 350 with the upper terminal of a resistor 351, the lower terminal of which is grounded. Thus the photovoltaic voltage output ofcell 345 is applied across resistor 351. This voltage is applied through conductor 352 to one of the two input terminals of a differential operational amplifier 353. This amplifier is of the type which has two input voltages applied thereto and yproduces an output voltage which is dependent in the polarity of its output upon which of the two inputs is greater. The amplifier is of a type with a very high gain and the output of which changes from its negative saturation `voltage to its position saturation voltage, depending upon whether the input voltage from the cell 345 is above or below the reference voltage applied to the other input tenminal. A voltage is applied to the other input terminal and this voltage is controlled by a relay 354, the energibation of which is controlled by amplifier 353. Relay 354 com-prises a relay coil 355, a plurality of movable contact members 356, 357, and 358, and a plurality of fixed contact members 359, 360, 362, and 366. The movable contacts are biased to a position in which the contact member 357 is in engagement with fixed contact member 359 and movable contact member 358 is in engagement Iwith fixed contact member 366. The movbale contact members are movable upon energization of winding 355 to a position in which the movable contact members 356, 357 and 358 are in contact making engagement with fixed contacts 360, 361 and 362, respectively. The left-hand terminal of relay coil 355 is con- 'nected through a conductor 363 to the negative terminal i 364 of a power supply 365. The negative terminal 364 is at a negative potential corresponding to the negative saturation output potential of amplifier 353. The output of ampliger 353 is connected through a conductor 367, a resistor 368, a diode 369, a conductor 370, the switch 305, which is responsive to a downward motion of knob 23, and switch 266a, one of the two switches of main switch 266, to the right-hand terminal of relay coil 355. It will be obvious that when the output of amplifier 353 is at its negative saturation value, which is the condition existinig when the .photosensitive cell 345 is fully illuminated, the right-hand end of the relay coil will be maintained at the same potential as the left-hand end which is connected to the negative terminal 364 of power supply 365, and the relay will be deenergized. When, however, the illumination of photocell 345 is substantially diminished by the passage of sheet material as it is positioned or carried on belt 34 between cell 345 and the light rayes coming through belt 34 from light 349 so that the voltage output from the cells load resistor 351 applied to the upper, inverting inputterminal of amplifier 353 decreases to, say, a few millivolts (the amount being dependent upon the particular type of amplifier 3153 used) less than the reference comparison voltage supplied to the non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 353'lplfus the particular differential offset voltage of the particular amplifier 353 used, the amplifier output voltage will be switched rapidly to its positive saturation value and a positive voltage will immediately *be applied across relay coil 355 Iwith respect to terminal 364 of power supply 365, through conductor 367, resistor 368, diode 369, conductor 370, and closed switches 266a and 305. Connected in parallel with series connected relay coil 355 and switches 26611 and 305 is a variable resistor 371 for adjusment of the delay in de-enengization of the relay 354. Also connected in parallel with series connected relay 3154 and switches 266e and 305 is the series combination of a capacitor 372 and a variable resistor 373 for adjusting the delay in energization of relay 354. The resistor 373 also acts to prevent the capacitor 372 from initially shunting the relay `winding 355 by completely bypassing the high frequency voltage change which occurs when the output of the amplifier changes from near its negative saturation voltage condition to near its positive saturation voltage condition. Instead, when this amplifier output change does occur, the speed with which relay coil 355 becomes effectively energized can be varied slightly, depending on the resistance value set in variable resistor 373 and the capacitive value of capacitor 372. Thus, if the resistance of variable resistor 371 is about one to two times the resistance of coil 355 and variable resistor 373 is about one-fifth or less of resist-ance of the variable resistor 371, it will be evident that the resistance of resistor 368 can be chosen so as to limit the maximum voltage between wire 370 and wire 363 (during the rst moments after amplifier 353 switches to near positive saturation) to a magnitude which is less than the voltage required to supply minimum energizing current to coil 355 of relay 354, and that the amount of time amplifier 353 must be near positive saturation output voltage before relay 354 is actuated is adjustable by the setting of variable resistor 373. It rnay be seen that undue chattering of relay 3'54 is also prevented by capacitor 372 and resistor `373 during times when the voltage across load resistor 351 may fluctuate above and below the comparison voltage when the amplifier is first switched by comparison voltage relationships. Maintenance of amplifier 353 at near positive saturation output voltage will result in the exponential charging of capacitor 372 until it assumes a voltage thereacross substantially equivalent to that existing across relay coil 355.

When the movable relay contact 358 is in the position shown in FIGURE 7, that is the position 'assumed when relay 354 is de-energized, the non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 353 is connected through a conductor 375, movable contact 358, stationary contact 366, and conductor 376 to the slider of a potentiometer 377 connected between a positive source of voltage 378 and ground. Connected bet-Ween the slider of potentiometer 377 and ground is a capacitor 379a which assumes a reference comparison voltage thereacross dependent upon the position of the slider.

When the relay 354 is energized, the non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 353 is connected through conductor 375, movable Contact 358, fixed contact 362 and conductor 390 to the slider of a potentiometer 391 connected between the positive source of voltage 378 and ground. A capacitor 392 is connected between the slider of potentiometer 391 and ground. a capacitor 379b, connected between conductor 375 and ground, prevents the input terminal from assuming noncontrolled, spurious potential levels while movable contact 358 is transferring from a connection with contact 366 to a connection with contact 362 or vice versa.

Consequently, a lower level of illumination of cell 345 is required (when relay 354 is closed) to cause the voltage developed across resistor 351 to exceed the comparison voltage applied to the non-inverting differential input plus the 4particular offset voltage involved and thus to cause 13 amplifier 353 to switch toward negative saturation so that relay 3'54 can de-energize.

It will be noted from a comparison of potentiometers 377 and 391 that the slider of potentiometer 377 is shown as set at a more .positive reference comparison voltage than that of potentiometer 391. Thus, when relay 354 is de-energized, the lower, non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 353 is maintained at a more positive potential than when it is energized. The feature of changing the comparison voltage applied to the non-inverting terminal of amplifier 353 is provided to compensate for the reduction in maximum light level reaching the light sensitive cell 345 when the roller 46 is holding belt 44 against belt 34, as mentioned above.

The relay 354 is employed to control energization of both the solenoid 330 and the electromagnet 339. When relay 354 is energized, the engagement of the movable contact 356` with fixed contact 360 results in a circuit being established to solenoid 330 as follows: from the positive terminal 399` of the power supply 365, thr-ough conductor 400, fixed co-ntactl 360, movable contact 356, conductor 401, relay coil 330 and conductor 402 to ground. The energization of this solenoid, as previously explained, will cause arm 334 to be rotated in a counterclockwise direction (as viewed in FIGURE 7). This, in turn, will cause a clockwise rotation of shaft 325 as viewed in FIGURE 3 to cause the roller 46 to be moved downwardly against belt 34. It is to be understood that the spring 332 may be adjustable in any suitable manner to provide a desired amount of pressure of belt 44 against belt 34.

During the time that relay 354 is energized, the electromagnet 339 is maintained de-energized. A capacitor 404 in series with the winding of electromagnet 339 is maintained de-energized by a circuit extending from the upper terminal of capacitor 404 through conductor 405, a current limiting resistor 406, fixed relay contact 361, movable contact 357 and conductor 407 Connecting to the lower terminal of capacitor 404. When, however, relay '354 becomes de-energized so that movable contact 357 engages fixed contact 358, an energizing circuit is established for electromagnet 339 from the positive terminal 399 through conductor 408, fixed contact 359, movable contact 357, conductor 407, capacitor 404 and conductor 410, and electromagnet 339 to ground. Since capacitor 404 is completely discharged because of the connection previously traced in contact 361 of the relay, a large initial flow of current can take place through this capacitor and through the coil of electromagnet 339. This will result in the armature 338 being attracted to release the latch 335 from the bar 195. This will permit the bar to move upwardly under the inuence of spring 341 and permit the release of rollers 160, 161 and 185 from the sheet material. The capacitor 404 is provided to prevent continued energization of the electromagnet 339 since only a momentary energization is necessary to release the latch 335. As soon as the condenser 404 begins to charge, the current through the winding of electromagnet 339 will decrease until the point is reached where it is effectively de-encrgized. This is particularly important when the apparatus is initially started up since the relay 354 will be in its de-energized position and it is not desired to maintain the electromagnet 339 energized so as to prevent the latch 335 from being effective. By the use of the capacitor 404, the start-up energization of the electromagnet 339 is only momentary.

In actual practice, the arrangement employing the light 349, the light sensitive cell 345, the amplifier 353 and the relay 354 is used to respond to the insertion of a paper or other sheet material into the slot 26. As long as the paper merely lies beneath the lens 37 and the rollers 160 and 161, the light sensitive cell remains illuminated and the relay 354 remains de-energized. When, however, the leading edge of the sheet reaches a point immediately underlying the roller 46, it interrupts the passage of light through lamp 349 to the light sensitive cell 345 with the result that the decreased current output of the light sensitive cell causes the voltage across resistor 351 to drop 'below the comparison input voltage to amplifier 353 to cause the operation of relay 354 if the main switch 266 is in its on position in which its switch 266a is closed. When the trailing edge of the sheet leaves the area just to the right of point 348 and the light sensitive cell 345, the passage of light coming through belt 34 from lamp 349 to cell 345 is again no longer interrupted by the sheet material. This causes amplifier 353 to switch back to negative saturation, thus de-energizing the coupling relay coil 355 and its associated time delay components by back-biasing diode 369 so that the de-energization delay time cycle can begin for relay 354. As pointed out above, the output of cell 345 is less `when roller 46 is holding belt 44 against belt 34 as in FIGURE 2 than it is when roller 46 is holding belt 44 away from belt 34 as in FIGURE 3, due to the fact that belt 44 on roller 46 is partially blocking the passage of the light rays coming through belt 34 from light 349 to the cell 345. This, however, is compensated for by the means previously described as involving resistors 377 and 391, which provide that the comparison voltage applied to the non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 353 when relay 354 is energized is less that that applied for comparison when relay 354 is de-energized. Thus compensation for the reduction in maximum intensity of illumination of the light sensitive cell 345 is automatic.

In addition to its use in combination with variable resistor 373 to cause a slight delay in the actuation of relay 354 as discussed previously, the capacitor 372 has the additional function of supplying current to delay the de-energization of relay 354. This is desirable since when the trailing edge of the sheet leaves the area`between points 347 and 348, it still has a substantial distance to travel before passing over the roller 51. Consequently, it is desirable for the roller 46 to remain depressed for a short period of time after the trailing edge leaves the area between the light source 341 and the photocell 345 during which time the motion of belt 34 can carry the trailing edge of the sheet material to about the region above roller 51 as viewed in FIGURE 1. As previously pointed out, the capacitor 372 becomes charged to the voltage existing across relay coil 355. Capacitor 372 has a sufliciently high capacitance so that, following the deenergization of relay 354 by reason -of the output terminal voltage of amplifier 353 becoming the same as that at terminal 364 of the power supply, the relay 355 will remain energized due to the ow of some of the discharge current from capacitor 372 through resistance 373 and relay coil 355. Another portion of this discharge current flows through variable resistor 371, thus `bypass.- ing the relay coil 355. So it is obvious that the discharge time of capacitor 372 and consequently the de-energization delay time afforded relay 354 can be increased or decreased by respectively increasing or decreasing the resistance value of variable resistor 371. This provides time for the sheet material to progress onwardly until substantially the entire sheet has passed over the roller 51.

The output from amplifier 353 can also be used to provide various signals indicative of the position of the sheet in the machine. It will be noted that the output of amplifier 353 is connected through conductor 412 to the input of a differentiator 413 having an output resistor 414 connected across the output thereof. As previously explained, during switching the output of amplifier 353 changes abruptly from a negative voltage equivalent to that of terminal 364 of power supply 365 to a suitably higher, more positive voltage and vice versa. Of course, differentiation of the output wave form of amplifier 353 produces a positive voltage pulse each time the output of the amplifier is abruptly increased and a negative voltage pulse each time the output is abruptly decreased. The numerals 415 and 416 are used to denote positive and negative pulses respectively, these pulses being indicative of the passage of the leading and trailing edges of the sheet material beneath the light sensitive cell 345. It is obvious that these pulses may be used for controlling various operations in connection with the sheet handling apparatus, particularly when processing such as scanning is to take place whenever sheet material is present or not present in the H region on belt 34, as shown in FIGURE 2, between roller 48 and roller 56.

It will be noted that switch 305 is in series with the relay coil 354. If the roller 46 is depressed so that the belt 44 is in engagement with belt 34, as shown in FIG- URE 3, the opening of switch 305 'by reason of the pushing down of push rod 297 will de-energize relay c-oil 354 to cause momentary energization of the electromagnet 339 to release the catch 335 and the tilt wheel carriage 162. It will also cause de-energization of solenoid 330 to release arm 334 to permit the rollers to move up to the position shown in FIGURE 3. As previously explained, the movement of rod 297 downwardly also removes the vacuum from chamber 60 and either applies pressure thereto or connects the same with the atmosphere. Thus, the actuation of push rod 297 removes from beneath the sheet material any suction applied through box 60, releases the tilt wheels 160 and 161, and releases the roller 46 so that the sheet material can either be adjusted manually or readily withdrawn from the apparatus.

In the foregoing explanation, reference has been made, at several places, to belt 34 as having apertures therethrough. In FIGURE 8, I have shown in section one possible form this belt may take. It will be noted that the belt three layers, 420, 421 and 422. The base layer 422, which is the one which engages the various rollers, such as rollers 50 and 51, may be of a suitable homogeneous material having reasonably high tensile strength. One material which is suitable for Ibase layer use is an oriented polyester film such as that commercially sold as Scotchpar, made by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, or Mylan made by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. A metal, like stainless steel, can be employed as base layer 422 where one is to be particularly concerned with rigidity and toughness and/or the problem of eliminating static effects. Generally, the oriented polyester films are less subject to fatigue, however, than is stainless steel. The layer 422 is preferably about 10 to 25 mils thick and is provided on its underside with knurling or embossing in order to provide both a better friction grip with the soft surfaces of the rollers over which the belt rides, as well as to provide the minimum surface, smoothly curved knurl peaks to obtain a minimum friction effect where belt 34 passes over low friction material surfaces of pressure boxes 60, 62, and 126. The layer 421 may be of an epoxy type compound which has `been pigmented with titanium dioxide, for example, for whiteness and with silver particles to give it some conductivity to reduce static effects. The outer layer 420 is held to layer 422 by layer 421. Layer 420 is formed of a cloth which may be of a white polyester fiber such as Daeron blended with cotton. In one particular example, I found the combination of 65 percent Dacron and percent cotton as satisfactory. The fabric should have enough thread fuzziness to eliminate the glossy glare from individual fibers and to hide both the warp and woof threads as well as to minimize the visibility of the holes 423. The fabric should be treated with conductive material or antistatic material like certain fatty quaternary amine compounds so as to decrease effects produceable by static electricity. The layers 421 and 422 are provided with a plurality of apertures 423 therethrough. It is through these apertures that the negative and/or positive pressures in chambers 60, 62, and 126 and the positive pressure from the nozzle in the end of tube 135 may be applied to the underside of the paper or the sheet material overlying the belt 34, Furthermore, it is due to the pres- 16 ence of these apertures 423 that it is possible to pass the light from lamp 348 to the light sensitive cell 345. While the apertures do not extend through the outer fabric layer 420, both a portion of the light and the desired pressure effects are able to pass through the porous layer 420.

Reference has been made to the dewrinkling action which takes place in my paper feeding apparatus, The apparatus is provided with a number of expedients for minimizing any wrinkles that exist in the Sheet material. In a sheet of business letter paper, which has been folded a number of times in order to permit the sheet to be inserted into an envelope, each fold is actually a specific type of wrinkle which is very common. Other types of wrinkles may arise -due to careless handling and/or simply many normal handlings of the material. Such types include creased corners, rufiied edges, as well as moisturepuckered areas caused by inadvertent splatters of or immersion in water or by handling the sheet with moist or sweaty hands. Obviously, lby the time that the sheet material reaches the viewing and processing region H as shown in FIGURE 2, it is `desirable that its wrinkles be minimized so that any wrinkle-caused, undesirable effects (particularly those which influence scanning results or the results of other sheet processing steps) also will be minimized.

Each wrinkle can be considered to consist of two or more joined planes of sheet material. The joining line region of the sheet between any two of its wrinkle planes can lbe considered the hinge axis between those two planes, that is, the axis at Which the planes were hinged or pivoted with respect to each other when the sheet was wrinkled. Thus an ordinary fold axis in a folded letter as mentioned above can be considered a wrinkle hinge axis for that specific type of wrinkle. FIGURE 9 furnishes, in crosssection, an illustration of a hingle axis region 418 with its adjoining wrinkle planes 41'7a and 417b; the cross-Sectional plane is perpendicular to the hinge axis 418.

In minimizing wrinkles in a sheet of paper, it is highly desirable to repeatedly flex the paper about each of its wrinkle-hinge axes, since this tends to fatigue the structure of the sheet in these axis regions. Thus the more times a sheet of material is fiexed about each wrinkle-hinge axis, the less will be the force its Wrinkle-hinge axis structure can exert to return the sheet to its wrinkle condition wherein adjacent wrinkle planes are significantly tilted with respect to each other. It is also helpful in preventing any return of a wrinkled condition, after such fatigueproducing flexing, to spread the sheet into smooth contact with and then pressure hold it against a fiat or cylindrical surfac, as by a differential pressure.

Flexing a sheet of material at its various wrinkle-hinge axes can be accomplished partially for all hinge axes, regardless of their direction, by repeated press and release of the sheet against another surface and partially for those hinge axes of known direction lby pivoting the entire sheet back and forth, at least slightly, around that known general direction of such hinge axes. My apparatus is designed to repeatedly flex wrinkle hinges of each sheet in opposite directions by using both of these methods prior to the sheets reaching region H where it is spread into smooth contact with and pressure held against the face of chamber 62.

The press and release method is applied as follows: The sheet is pressed down on belt 34 in the region over chamber 60 by the pressure differential between the normal atmosphere and the lower pressure in chamber 60 acting through the openings of belt 34. Additional pressure is applied to the left, center, and right regions of the sheet (and released as the sheet movs past) by wheels 161, 185, and which also serve as a part of the tilt control mchanism as shown in FIGURE 3 and FIGURE 5. Beyond chamber 60, there is a brief strip region wherein the pressing of the sheet against belt 34 is released. This strip lies between the differential pressure region above chamber 60 and the belt 44 pressure region below roller 46. From the pressure region under roller 46 to the pressure region above roller 51 in FIGURE 2, there is another region, between belt 44 and belt 34, where the pressure on the sheet is partly released. Also, from the pressure region above roller S1 to the pressure region at the upper right of roller 52, there is an additional region Ibetween belt 44 and belt 34 where the pressure on the sheet is partly released. Finally, just beyond where roller 52 presses belt 34 against the sheet and thus the sheet against belt 44, the roller 48 presses belt 44 against the sheet and thus belt 44 completes the smoothing or spreading (as will be described presenty in connection with the special form of belt 44 illustrated in FIGURES 9, 10, and 11) of the sheet into smooth contact with bellt 34 at the upper edge region of chamber 62 where a pressure differential again begins holding the sheet, now with its wrinkles minimized, on belt 34. In the nondifferential pressure region of belt 34 between chamber 6) and chamber 61, the back surface of the sheet is more free to slide on belt 34 and thus the sheet is free to spread out as wrinkle peaks are flattened lby the press and release and other dewrinkling and spreading actions applied by belt 44 to the sheet in this region.

The other method, which is used for wrinkles of known directions, is employed for a generally transverse hinge axis direction, that is, for wrinkle hinge axes on the sheet which are parallel or essentially parallel to lines 140, 141, and 142 on lens 37 as the sheet passes between chamber 60 and chamber 62 on `belt 34. The transverse hinge axis is subjected to extra dewrinkling emphasis in this mechanisrn because transverse folds in business letter paper are most common and frequently most diflicult to minimize.

This means for dewrinkling emphasis of the transverse hinge axis will now be explained. As best shown in FIG- URE 9, the paper is bent downwardly just after it passes over the top right-hand wall 425 of pressure chamber 60V. Bearing strip 426 of low friction, sculf and abrasion resistant material, with a right-skewed, rounded-top cross section as in FIGURE 9, comprises the actual top of wall 425 in contact with belt 34. This downward bend given the sheet, just above and to the right of strip 426, tends to pivot the right-hand plane (plane 41717, for example) of each pair of adjacent wrinkle planes (planes 417a and 417b, for example) slightly clockwise around those of their wrinkle-hinge axes (axis 418, for one example) which are generally transverse to belt 34 and thus generally parallel to the top of wall 425, and to rollers 46, 51, 52, and 48. Upon passing underneath roller 46, the sheet material is exed upwardly again so that the right-hand one of adjacent wrinkle planes pivot counterclockwise around these transverse hinge axes. Upon passing roller 51, the material is liexed considerably clockwise again. As will be noted from FIGURE 2, rollers 52 and 48 are relatively close to each other so that, when the material passes successively over roller 52 and under roller 48, the right-hand one of adjacent wrinkle planes is first again flexed considerably clockwise and then slightly counterclockwise in a relatively short period of time.

The provision of two clockwise flexings through a considerable angle help correct the common business letter transverse fold which is normally made when the sheet is originally folded for envelope insertion in such a direction that any portion on the right-hand side of a wrinkle axis is deflected counterclockwise with respect to an adjacent portion on the opposite side of the wrinkle axis, as with planes 41751 and 417i).

It will thus be apparent that the wrinkle hinge axis regions of the sheet are stressed by clockwise and counterclockwise deflections with periods of relaxation in between with the result that all, and especially the transverse, hinge axis material structure becomes somewhat fatigued so that by the time these portions of the sheet have been transported on belt 34 to the beginning of region H just below roller 48, a moderate differential air pressure applied across the sheet through belt 34 will maintain the 18 sheet material relatively flat on belt 34 as it passes through region H.

The dewrinkling systems discussed above is quite effective even if belt 44 is simply a normal, tlat Ibelt. Such a belt may be constructed by laminating to the one side of a fiber or metallic mesh, a material having a reasonably low coeicient of friction and to the other side of this mesh either a surface material having a high coeiiicient of friction or a similar material which has additional friction-producing indentations and projections on its surface. The high friction surface of such a belt would be in contact with rollers 46, 47 and 48 and the low friction surface would be in contact with belt 34 or the top surface of any sheets being carried on belt 34 en route to region H. A normal, ilat belt with the above or similar construction is used for belt 45.

However, if a special design is used, just for belt 44, not only are the dewrinkling actions just mentioned achieved, but also additional spreading and/or smoothing dewrinkling actions are concurrently produced. Whereas general and especially transverse axis wrinkles are minimized in each sheet by the above mentioned actions of a normal, at design of belt 44, the additional spreading and smoothing actions produced by the special design of belt 44 used in my apparatus effect both additional general dewrinlding and particularly longitudinal axis `dewrinkling in each sheet. Thus in sheet material being carried on belt 34, creases or wrinkle hinge axes which run generally parallel to the direction of belt 34 motion are especially acted on in my apparatus by the special design of belt 44 which will now be described.

Belt 44 has a bottom layer with a central woven reinforcement layer 434b (shown in FIGURE 9 for only a short portion of its extent) similar to the normal ilat belt type described above; however, the top or outer surface of belt 44, shown in FIGURES l0 and 11, has a special herringbone pattern of regularly spaced raised strips or ridges of springy, elastic material with an embedded reinforcing weave 434a (likewise shown for only a limited number of strips 427). A cross section of this belt passing around roller 46, while roller 46 is in the clamped down position, is illustrated in FIGURE 9. In these figures, each of the raised strips having wave-like cross sections will be called a wave.

The nature of this herringbone wave pattern requires that the thickness of belt 44 'be about 21/2 to 31/2 times greater than a normal flat belt used in the same place. Consequently, rollers 46, 48 and possibly 47 would have to be made with a smaller diameter so that, with belt 44 in place, the effective diameter of these rollers would provide proper operation. For example, this is particularly important with drive roller 48 because through it, the speed of belt 44 is synchronized with that of belt 34. The radius of roller 46 (and to some extent, that of roller 48) has a very signicant inliuence on the operational effectiveness of this herringbone wave type of Ibelt; a smaller diameter roller 46 is useful in helping the waves open up prior to their contact with a sheet on belt 34, The necessity and use for this wave opening is explained later on.

In FIGURE 11, a small portion 417b of the outer surface of belt 44 is viewed (in enlarged form) as though ones eye were looking up toward region 417b, as shown in FIGURE 3, from about the position and in the direction designated by arrow 418. The view of FIGURE 11 is one looking up at the outer surface of belt 44, the outline of region 41711 in FIGURE 11 is a mirror image of looking down at the lower portion of belt 44 under roller 46. Also for FIGURE 11, one assumes that all of the structure between the viewing point indicated by arrow 418 of FIGURE 3 and belt 44 to be transparent, including belt 34 and a sheet being carried on belt 34.

At the center-line region of belt 44, the wave shapes are beveled from the wave tip level down to the center line at the wave trough level, as shown in FIGURE 11a. These bevel surfaces are designated by the numeral 431er in FIGURES 1l and 11a. The approximate plane of each bevel surface 431 is determined by two intersecting lines: the first, the 'belt center line at the wave trough level; the accord, a line 432 projected from, and about at right angles to, the wave tip line on each wave, back to the point where the belt center line intersects the lowest part of the next wave trough. The corners formed by the bevel surfaces and the wave tips are rounded slightly as shown at 431b, fore example, in FIGURES 11 and 11a. This rounding prevents these corners from projecting beyond the average wave tip extremity by too great a distance when the belt passes'around rollers. lf these wave tip corners did open out too far (such wave opening will be explained subsequently), as compared to adjacent wave tip segments, there could be the undesirable effct of an excessively over-diameter ridge in the center of belt 44 whn it comes around roller 46 and makes contact with a sheet on belt 34.

As produced by the herringbone wave shapes in belt 44,

the general and longitudinal dewrinkling effects on a sheet are partially like those smoothing effects which a human operator might attain by hand smoothing the sheet: Assuming a sheet secured at its top edge to a wider belt moving away from the operator across a flat surface, for sheet smoothing, a natural operator action for sheet smoothing would involve, first fiatly placing his palms with ngers together near the top center of the sheet s"o the fingers of each hand nearly touch and form an angle of about 100 between hands, bisected by the center line of the sheet. Also assuming sheet motion parallel to its center line, the operator would next stroke his hands apart transversely along directions approximately perpendicular to the center line of the sheet and with moderate pressure. Repeating this placing and stroking action of his hands, each time from a starting point further down the sheet as the belt carried it away, the operator would partially dewrinkle the sheet by such stroking and/or smoothing action. In other words, his fingers (with assistance from the palms) would apply to the sheet, crests of wave-like surfaces (that is, the peaks of the rounded palmar surfaces of the fingers held fiat and firmly in parallel together) which, when his hands are moved away from each other in directions transverse or perpendicular to sheet motion, tend to smooth the sheet transversely onto the fiat belt very easily. Moreover, these hand motions could be called wave-like in that they involve several repetitive actions from top to bottom of the sheet.

Though it does not appear obviously possible for a single, preformed belt to provide simultaneously, the

opposite, transverse stroking effects mentioned above, the i herringbone wave belt does provide three effects by means of a wave-like action. Partially by referring to FIGURES 9 and 11, the means by which these smoothing effects are obtained through use of the herringbone wave shapes in belt 44 will now be explained, as will some of the results which these effects have on any sheet 430 being carried on belt 34.

As belt 44 approaches roller 46, all waves are in their normal positions as illustrated in the region of wave 427s in FIGURE 9. Notice at Waves 427s, 427t the position (within each of the waves) of the reinforcing weave 434a. Now notice the Wave 427W and the wave 427x. At these two wave positons, as the base material of belt 44 begins to bend around roller 46, the outer extremities of belt 44 will tend to be stretched out (i.e., placed under tension) because of the greater arc length which a given longiudinal increment of the outer surfaceof belt 44 must span to enable the belts inner surface of base material to fit the curvature of roller 46. When this outer-surface tensioning occurs, the effect of most of it within one wave segment of belt 44 will occur at the trough region of the wave; that is, for example, the low region between waves 427W and 427x. This stretching will occur at or near the trough region because the reinforcing weave 434a near the top surface of each wave will prevent it from occurring there. This explains the need for a reinforcing weave or a less stretchable top-of-wave surface in belt 44.

Because this stretching occurs at the trough region between adjacent waves, they open up as they are beginning to do between wave 427W and wave 427x in FIG- URE 9. The trough following wave 427x to the left and the one following it, etc., have completely opened, and it is obvious that the amount of such opening is determined by the radius of curvature of the surface of roller 46. Thus by selecting the proper roller 46 size, a desired degree of trough opening can be obtained.

The dashed line circle 43 in FIGURE 9 marks the distance from the surface of roller 46 which the wave peaks on belt 44 would trace if they did not open up. Actually, the effective diameter of roller 46 is regulated by the distance between the center of roller 46 and the effective surface of belt 44 formed in the region under roller 46 where the back-bent wave tips of belt 44 are in maximum pressure contact with the sheet. The circle 43 scribed in FIGURE 9 is therefore not the actual effective diameter but only a reminder that effective diameter must be considered.

An important factor in the herringbone wave design of belt 44 is that the angle of the wave fronts with respect to the center line of the belt must be such that the waves will open up when the belt passes around roller 46. Proper opening will occur for most wave shape designs when their wave fronts are placed at an angle of less than 45 with respect to a line perpendicular to the center line of belt 44 or, in other words, at an angle of more than 45 with respect to that center line itself. However, because back pull along the wave tips from portions of a single wave extending, say, over the top of roller 46 while the belt is passing around this roller, will cause the spaces between wave tips to close down rather than to open appreciably, angles of much less than 50 with respect to the center line of belt 44 for the wave tops of a wave pattern would not be suitable. The most suitable angles for the wave tops with respect to the center line of belt 44 would probably lie between 50 and 60. It should be mentioned that the same effect, which causes the belt waves, with angles less than 40 to 45 with respect to the center line of belt 44, tol close when going around a cylinder-like roller 46, also assists in opening the waves for belts with waves having center-line angles of more than 45 (or preferably in the 50 to 60 range as mentioned above). This effect is the longitudinal tensioning of a segment of an individual wave tip caused by the leading portion of the waves length being near the center line of the belt (and thus, in a certain position of belt 44, partially if not completely around Wave-opening roller 46) while the other extremity of that wave is near the edge of the belt (and not under the influence of the opening effect of the curvature of the roller). Of course, this tensioning, in turn, is brought about by the previously discussed tensioning in the outer surface of belt 44 as each wave bends around roller 46 with its wave front at a diagonal with respect to line 334 which is the axis of roller 46. This transverse wave tip tensioning effect must be considered to some extent when designing wave shapes for the belt: if the wave thickness is too small, this tensioning will actually cause the wave to collapse when it goes around the roller 46. Nevertheless, because of this tensioning effect in a properly designed belt, all wave tips are spread somewhat further apart as they pass around roller 46 than they otherwise would be at the position, say, of waves 427s and 4271? in FIGURE 9.

Now we can consider what happens when each of these `spread-apart wave tips pass around roller 46 and first come in contact with a sheet 430 on belt 34. In the cross section in FIGURE 9, the tip of wave 427z is an example. Notice first that the tip of wave 427z and the wave tip just preceding it, above and to the left, have behind them wave bodies which point essentially perpendicularly downward onto belt 34. Notice also in FIGURE 9 that the slight downward deflection of belt 34 caused by the down pressure on the right side of roller 46 through the various belts after the up pressure on the left side from the bearing bar end portion 426 of pressure chamber 60 helps make more waves (even including the second wave behind wave 427z) almost perpendicular to belt 34. Because these waves are perpendicular to belt 34 in this region, two important conditions are satisfied: (a) the wave tips can exert a maximum downward thrust on any large wrinkles or bulges which the sheet might contain in this region, and (b) the surface of the sheet can exert a maximum upward force against each wave tip which is at the same time acting in a direction parallel to the top and bottom surfaces of each wave body in turn. Also, the slightly convex-concave curved nature (as opposed to at) of belt 34 between the bearing bar 426 and roller 46 gives the belt 44 wave tips both (a) a slightly more abrupt initial contact with each succeeding increment of sheet surface on belt 34 (since there is an inflection line on belt 34 where belt 34 ceases to curve downward beyond the bearing bar 426 and begins to curve upward to go beneath roller 46) and (b) a slightly longer region of Wave tip contact and pressure application before full pressure is reached at the tip region under roller 46, and thus a somewhat more gradual application of wave tip pressure. For example, if it were originally higher, the bulge in the sheet located just under the tip of wave 427z could have been rst contacted by wave 427z when it was one wave position to the left.

The tip of wave 427a is slightly blunted and wave 427a itself is broadened by the rather strong back pressure exerted by the sheet 430 as it is flattened as its wrinkle and fold facets are pivoting around their various hinge axes. The wave 427b is an example of a wave tip being slightly backtoppled or backbent because of these two facts: (a) these wave tips travel slightly above the speed of belt 34 since they have been fanned out by the curvature of roller 46 to give the belt a greater radial thickness than normal; and (b) as mentioned, the surface of the sheet began exerting its force against each wave tip in a direction parallel to the top and bottom surfaces of each wave body. Here it is important to cite another reason for having the reinforcing weave 434a of each wave at the top surface of the wave. Notice at wave 427 b that the wave tip is bent back, more or less pivoting around its top surface with its under surface being rather highly stretched. If this under surface were not easily stretchable in comparison to the top surface, the wave tip would not backbend but would cause, or have a tendency to cause, the sheet to slip forward on the surface of belt 34 and pile up under and beyond roller 46 (if successive waves all acted the same way). However, because the wave tip readily yields to being bent backward about at line 429, this extra forward motion tendency is absorbed by the wave itself (see vectors LM and -LM acting on region WTB in FIGURE l1) and at the same time reasonably iirm vertical pressure is maintained on the sheet against belt 34 directly under roller 46. The three Waves t the right of wave 427b illustrate wave tips undergoing recovery (see also the WTR region in FIGURE ll) from being held in bent backward position between lines 429 and 428. In this region, such recovery is aided by the wave tip tension mentioned previously as caused by only a portion of the wave (in terms of a given waves length from center line to the edge of belt 44) being subjected to the curvature of roller 46. Also, the inner surface of belt 44 bulges back up against roller 46 in the region of waves 4270! and 427e while each wave tip slithers back (see region WTR in FIGURE 1l) into a reasonably normal position. In effect, this recovery would be akin to a wave on a wave tip running down the length and along the tip of each individual wave in belt 44 and the amplitude of this wave along the wave tip would vary according to the back bending distortion such as that caused and illustrated at wave 427b. Such wave tip waves are also illustrated in FIGURE l1 where the waves 427q, 42717, etc., cross line 429 (approximate center of back bending region) and also where they cross line 428 (approximate center of back bent recovery region). As mentioned, the inner surface of belt 44 would be bulged up slightly beyond where it leaves contact with roller 46 between waves 427b and 427d; this is because of the slight pressure produced by the wave tip being in the back bent condition. This pressure to helps keep a rather constant effective diameter around roller 46 and thus helps establish desired speed relationships between the sheet and belt 44.

The wave 427]c has essentially recovered from back bending except for moderate frictional forces and residual pressures from roller 46 as well as wrinkle axis caused back pressure from the Wrinkle and fold facets of the sheet itself. Wave 427k is completely recovered and back to its normal belt 44 thickness position (as `at wave 427s). Thus finally, beyond some transverse line on belt 44 (just beyond line 428 on FIGURE 11 or about at wave 427d or 427e of FIGURE 9) all the wave tips will have recovered to their normal positions. So it is obvious that the FIG- URE 9 cross section of belt 44 passing around roller 46 is somewhat of a caricature because waves 427 f to 427k are a considerable distance beyond the position of wave 427e, but this is done to better illustrate in cross section what happens at the wave tips during recovery from back bending. Line 428 in FIGURE l1 illustrates better where this recovery occurs under roller 46.

In the belt 44 system the wave tip waves which ride the crests of the regular herringbone-wave belt waves originate where the beveled and rounded corner of each wave tip or crest terminates adjacent to the center line of the belt. As previously pointed out, beveled surface 431e and rounded corner 431b are illustrated in FIGURE l1. Since each such corner does not project out quite far enough when belt 44 passes around roller 46 to be back bent, the beginning portion of the top surface adjacent to rounded corner 431]; on each wave remains in contact with the sheet or belt 34, which ever beginning portion is under belt 44 at the time as illustrated by wave 427m in FIGURE 11. Consequently, the start (see line 428) of the slithering wave tip wave occurs (see Wave 427n) as soon as this near center line wave tip increment experiences a reasonable release of the pressure from roller 46 beyond its center line because, even though an adjacent portion of this wave crest slightly further from the center line becomes back bent (see wave 427m), and this back bent condition continues on down the wave to the WTB region (centered on line 429) where it first occurs. The back bent increment is closely preceded, just prior to the WTR region (centered on line 428), by an essentially recovered Wave condition in which the top surface of the wave tip is still or again in contact with the sheet.

Thus, referring to the vector diagrams in FIGURE l1, it can be seen that when a wave tip increment makes contact with the sheet while that increment is in the spread open condition due to the curvature of roller 46, as previously discussed, this wave tip increment can exert a force against the sheet in the direction of RT (not shown, but for waves on the right side of the center line as viewed from the top of the machine) or LT (shown in FIGURE 1l for waves on the left side of the center line). Although both LT and RT are at right angles to the actual wave tip line which in turn is at an angle 0f about 40 with `respect to the belt and sheet center line, and therefore also with respect to the direction of belt and sheet motion, they each can be broken into two effective components, for example: LM, the component in the direction of belt motion; and LD, the desired component in the dewrinkling direction needed to most appropriately dewrinkle the paper with smoothing forces acting from the belt 44 center line out to its edge in the 2.3 region of line 429. If allowed to stand unchecked, LM and RM would be the components which, as previously mentioned, could cause the paper to slide on belt 34 and pile up just beyond roller 46. However, in this invention, both LM and RM are initially absorbed, or at least mostly absorbed, in a manner which renders them essentially ineffective, by the back bending effected at each incremental wave tip portion along each of the waves. As one may surmise from FIGURES 9, l and ll, this back bending is enabled by the proper herring-bonewave design and by the wave tip sheet contact conditions. These conditions are effected (a) partially by the higherthan-sheet wave tip speed which invokes a portion of the -LM (and -RM) sufficiently large to start the back bending deflection of each wave tip increment during the initial frictional contact upon a sheet of each wave tip increment and (b) primarily by pressure through the sheet from belt 34 acting essentially parallel to the undeflected top and bottom faces of each wave body but causing completion of the back bending once it is begun by -LM. Then,

during recovery (from this back bending position) caused by the tip wave traveling out along each wave tip from the beginning of each wave tip near the center line, the forces from the LM and RM components are actually redirected by the wave tip wave so that they are essentially perpendicular to the crest of the wave tip wave itself as represented by LD in FIGURE 1l.

These net resultant-s (LD and RD) are therefore additional desirable dewrinkling and smoothing force vecto-rs acting on the sheet some place within the strip region above and adjacent to line 428 in FIGURE ll. These vectors act outward from the center line of the belt. It is easy to visualize how vectors having the action direction of LD and LD' (together with RD and RD), when appearing at the tip increment of each of vthe dozens of waves in the initial (near line 429) and second (near line 428) dewrinkling force regions, would impart to any sheet 430 moving on belt 34 a very real, dynamic smoothing and dewrinkling effect and it would be essentially the same type of force vector that the observer lapplied to the sheet manually in the description cited earlier in this discussion. Of course, in the above it will be understood that the same force and wave and resultant force conditions will apply to lthe right-hand side of the center line as sketched for the left-hand side of the center line in FIG- URE 11. Therefore, the arrangement does indeed provide a wave-like acting pair of forces which act outwardly from the center line of a sheet in a manner similar to that provided in what might -be termed normal human dewrinkling action by manual methods.

As effective as the above described dewrinkling mechanism may be, belt 44 applies still more dewrinkling .forces to the sheet when it is pressed against the sheet during passage over roller 51. In this case, each wave tip again pushes perpendicular to its axis in the direction of RT as it is clamped tighter and tighter against the sheet. As this is done, its top surface length remains constant because of the reinforcing weave but its undersurface will again permit a slight amount of tip back bending. This back bending mode will continue until belt 44 is clamped tightly against the sheet and belt 34 over roller 51. At this time. the trough of each wave increment will be completely closed by this pressure (note that pressure 0f roller 46 on belt 34 is such that the troughs of the waves remain mostly open after they have recovered from back bending). After each wave increment passes the region where pressure is exerted by roller 51, recovery Ifrom the `back bending condition of this back bending mode again occurs by the same mechanism involving a traveling tip wave as described previously. Thus, again we have additional spreading and dewrinkling :force on a smaller scale but still with vectors acting approximately perpendicular to the center line of the sheet (at least all such vectors should be somewhat parallel to the lines of character patterns if these lines of character patterns have been properly aligned by means of lens so that they are perpendicular to the direction of belt 34 motion).

Similar initial dewrinkling vectors (like LM and RM) are produced by belt 44 as this belt acts against the sheet during the passage of the sheet on belt 34 over roller 52. Since the mechanism is the same as before, it will not be repeated in the description here; nevertheless, actual tip wave recovery is held off in this case along with the secondary dewrinkling forces by the extra pressure and close proximity of roller 48 and beneath it, the edge of the chamber 62 just beyond roller 52. Then, when the extra pressure is released and belt 44 is bent around roller 48, tip wave recovery never actually occurs in exactly the manner previously described where the sheet remains held between belts 34 and 44. Rather, the full effect of vectors like LM and RM' is applied in combination with the brushing effect of the expanding tip-to-tip distance opening up between wave tips due to belt 44 curving around roller 48 so as to give the sheet a final smoothing action just as it enters the region H for scanning.

Some variation of belt 44 wave form designs also would be applicable. A wave form with gradually changing angle with respect to the perpendicular from the center line would be useful; in other words, the waves extending from the center line to the edge of belt 44 would have tip edges which follow the arc of a circle, or a segment of a parabola, beginning with an angle of, say, or with respect to the belt 44 center line and gradually changing along the length of the wave until the tangent to this wave tip edge curve is at an angle of 45 or 50 with respect to the center line. The result from such a wave design would be a slowly increasing initial smoothinfr or spreading vector LD (as well as RD) plus increasing tip wave vectors LD (and RD) as one goes from the center line region to the edge region of the belt 44. As, by center-outward spreading and smoothing actions, the puckering is removed from the wrinkles of the sheet near the center of belt 44, the same puckering is moved outwardly to combine with that remaining in other wrinkles nearer the edge of the sheet. So it is obvious that having, from the center of a sheet to its edge, slowly increasing lengths of such short smoothing strokes as those applied by the waves in belt 44 would be useful. Stich increasing lstroke lengths would keep this puckering or sheet slackness moving toward the left and right edges of the sheet and thus prevent sheet slackness from combining into any huge puckers, any one of which may then fold over upon itself before it reaches the etge of the material. Thus, belt 44 made according to this curved herringbone wave design could be especially effective for minimizing wrinkles in highly wrinkled sheets, extra wide sheets, and at higher motion speeds. This is particularly important where any operation such as scanning or photography are to be performed upon the Sheet material because any wrinkles present in this sheet material tend to cause various distortions which occur in the mechanisms output as, for example, video signal noise, under or over exposure noise, etc. while any sheet is oeing scanned or photographed in regions H and L of FIGURE 2.

Belt driving mechanism The mechanism for driving the belts is designed so as to provide substantially no backlash. It is very important to avoid backlash since it may be desirable under some conditions to stop, restart in forward motion or in reverse motion the operation of the feed momentarily, as will be explained later. The operations to be performed on the paper may be performed at such high speeds that it is also desirable to very quickly stop the entire series of belts and, an instant later to restart them, or to reverse them so that the sheets carried past region H on belt 34 will also stop as accurately and quickly as possible and -may then be restarted or reversed immediately thereafter. For the same reason, I have provided means for quickly stopping and immediately thereafter `beginning the restarting or reversing of the belts. This will be described in connection with the belt driving means.

Referring to FIGURE 12, there is shown in somewhat schematic form, the relationship between the driving mechanism of the various rollers. FIGURE 12 is a sectional view taken along a plane passing just to the right of the left edge of the belts, 34, 44 and 45 and looking to t'he left of that figure and with 4much of the main bearing plate 201 4broken away. Referring to FIGURE l2, the numerals 435 and 436 are employed to indicate two main drive gears which are both firmly keyed to a shaft 437 which may be a stub shaft mounted on the left-hand main baring plate 201 (as shown) or may be a longer shaft also journaled at its far right end in the mechanisms right side main vbearing plate 326. The gears 435 and 436, plus cylindrical braking portion 478 (which will be presently discussed) are preferably formed as a single drive ring assembly with a `minimum weight and a common bore and keyway to t shaft 437. The smaller of the main drive gears, gear 435, is driven by the spur gear 438 which is mounted on a shaft 439 which is driven by the main drive motor. This shaft extends through and is journaled in the left main bearing plate 201. The shaft 439 is connected to an electromagnetic clutch and reversing mechanism 440. This mechanism, which has not been shown in detail, may be any of well known types in which the input shaft driven two oppositely rotating clutch plates. The output shaft is connected to a cooperating clutch plate lmagnetically positioned to engage one or the other of the two driven clutch plates or to occupy an intermediate position. Such mechanisms are very old and well known and are not illustrated in detail in the present drawing. I have shown as extending from the clutch and reversing mechanism 440 three leads 441, 442 and 443. When power is applied to leads 441 and 4421 the electromagnetic mechanism within the housing 440 is operated so as to engage the clutch to drive the output shaft 439 in a forward direction. When leads 442 and 443 are energized, the clutch plate is moved to engage the driven clutch plate which drives in the opposite direction so that the output shaft 439 is driven in the reverse direction. The input drive shaft to the clutch and reversing mechanism is designated by the reference numeral 445. This extends through .and is journaled in subplate 446 which is fastened to the right-hand :main bearing plate 326 and terminates in a gear 447 which meshes with a worm gear 448 driven by a motor 449 secured to the right-hand side of the right main bearing plate 326. The motor 449 is normally energized so that shaft 445 is continuously rotating when the apparatus is standing by to be operated. Whenever y simultaneous motion of belts 34, 44 and 45 is desired by driving the various rollers a circuit is completed between a power supply and leads 441 and 442, as will be presently described, to engage the electromagnetic clutch and cause the forward rotation of drive gear 438 which in turn causes rotation of the entire drive ring assembly by means of the small drive gear 435.

The two drive ring gears 435 and 436 are connected through antibacklast gears secured to the left-hand ends of the shafts of the various rollers. Referring rst to the driving means for the rollers associated with belt 34, it will be noted that the outer drive gear 436 is connected through an antibacklash gear 450 and a shaft 451 to the roller 50. The smaller drive gear 435 is connected through an antibacklash gear 452 and a shaft 453 to the roller 51. The large drive gear 436 is also connected through an antibacklash gear 455 (as shown in FIGURE 20) to the shaft of roller 53. The small ring gear 435 is vconnected through antibacklash gear 456 to the shaft of roller 54. Thus, of the five rollers 50, 51, 52, 53 and 54 over which belt 34 passes, four of these are directly driven by one or the other of the two drive gears which are rigidly secured together and rotate as a unit. By having a number of the gears associated with the rollers all driven through antibacklash gears by a common driving means, backlash is substantially eliminated. This is due to the fact that the entire belt drive mechanism is, in effect, a locked gear and belt train. Thus any one roller is being driven not only directly from the same drive ring gear assembly as all other driven rollers but also by all other rollers acting through the belt 34 (or belt 44 or 45 as the cause may be).

Of the three rollers carrying belt 44, only roller 48 is directly gear driven but belt 44 is partially ydriven also by belt 34 through contact friction forces. This gear roller is secured to a shaft driven by an antibacklash gear 459 which is coupled through an idler gear 460 to the smaller drive gear 435. Of course, the two other rollers 46 and 47 are positively driven through the belt 44, even though there is no direct connection between these rollers and the two driving gears 435 and 436. While I have shown rollers 46, 47 and 48 as of the same diameter as the other rollers associated with belts 34 and 3S, it is to be understood that where a belt such as shown in FIGURE 9 is employed, these rollers 46, 47 and 48 may be of slightly smaller diameter to compensate for the increased thickness of Ibelt 44, as previously mentioned, due to the presence of the ribs 427.

Of the three rollers carrying belt 45, roller 57 is driven by gear 461, preferably of the antibacklash type, this gear meshing with gear 455 which, as previously pointed out, is driven by the larger drive gear 436. Also, as with belt 44, belt 45 is driven by belt 34 through contact friction forces.

While I have shown one particular driving gear and belt arrangement, is it to be understood that these gears and belts may be disposed in various configurations depending upon the particular application. Depending upon the desired disposition of the belts, it is possible to employ one main drive gear, two drive gears which are disposed on parallel but spaced axles and even, in some cases, three drive rings. In each case, the drive rings will all be positively driven so as to form a locked gear train, by direct connection with the spur gear driven 'by the motor.

As pointed out above, shaft 329, to which roller 46 is secured, is journaled in sleeve 328 and fastened to arms 49. All of the shafts to which the other rollers are secured are journaled either in the right-hand or left-hand bearing plate structures either directly or indirectly. The right-hand main bearing plate sructure is made up of several subplates which are fastened across belt removal gaps to the actual right-hand bearing plate'326. A subplate 446 has already been discussed in connection with drive shaft 445. A separate subplate is provided lfor each of the roller groups 46, 47 and 48 and 56, 57 .and 58; these subplates also are fastened across appropriate belt removal gaps to the actual right-hand main lbearing plate 326. The shafts for rollers 58 and 54 are both indirectly journaled to the left-hand main bearing plate 201 and the right-hand main bearing plate 326. By indirectly it is meant that the shafts of these rollers are directly journaled only in movable bearing blocks which blocks, in turn, are slidably affixed to the left-hand and right-hand main bearing plates so that the bearing plates can be Kmoved along the circular arcs shown for those four rollers in FIGURE 12. Similar movable bearing blocks are slidably affixed to the left main bearing plate and the right subplates associated with rollers 48 and 56 so their shafts can be moved both along the circular arcs and along the general radial directions shown in FIGURE 12. Thus, these rollers can Ibe adjusted to provide proper pressures against adjacent belts (as for rollers 48, 56 and 58), proper belt tensions and belt steering.

By sliding roller 54 to the right in FIGURE 12, belt 34 is loosened sufficiently for removal. This removal can be made through the gaps which are opened in the right side plate structure when the main plate fastenings for the subplates of the belt 44 and 45 roller groups associated with belts 44 and 45 are removed, together with both those fastenings for subplate 446 in which drive shaft 445 is journaled and the motor 449, belt 34 can be removed from the assembly for repair or replacement. By simply sliding roller 54 to the left in FIGURE 12, belt 34 is tightened. Of course, in FIGURE 12 by moving one end of roller 54 left and the Other right, it is obvious that belt 34 can be steered so it will maintain a position closely centered on all rollers and any tendency for belt 34 to drift toward the left or right bearing plates can thus be corrected. Such means for correcting the position of belt 34 by adjusting and locking the end bearing positions of roller 54, though not shown here, could be controlled manually or automatically. Likewise, means for correction and control of the tension of belt 34, which also involves adjustment of the end bearing positions of roller 54, is not shown here but could be manual or automatic and associated with the steering means for belt 34.

By sliding roller 48 radially toward or away from the center of roller 47, belt 44 can be loosened or tensioned, respectively. Also, by sliding roller 48 clockwise or counterclockwise along the arc of a circle whose center is that of roller 47, the pressure of belt 44 against belt 34 under roller 48 can be adjusted. And, of course, by adjusting the radial distance between the left end of roller 48 and that of roller 47 to be different than that distance between the right end of roller 48 and that of roller 47, belt 44 can be steered so that it will run nicely centered on rollers 46, 47 and 48 with the proper tension and also with the proper pressures on belt 34.

Radial and arc adjustments of rollers 56 with respect to roller 57 and belt 34 provide the same steering, tensioning and pressuring capabilities for belt 45 as described above for belt 44 where roller 48 is adjustable.

It is a significant feature of this invention that all these above system adjustments are available while maintaining a locked gear-and-belt train among the elements of the system. Note for example to maintain this locked train condition, idler gear 460 and drive gear 456 of roller 54 can be moved clockwise and counterclockwise along arcs centered on shaft 437 so that regardless of the position of these gears along their respective arcs they always are properly in mesh with gear 435. So also gear 460 always can be adjusted as needed to mesh properly with gear 459 secured to the shaft or roller 48, regardless of the adjusted position of roller 48.

To minimize inertia in the belt driving system, low inertia designs for moving parts are used wherever possible. Thus, typically, rollers are thin-walled cylinders with short shafts. These shafts extend only from a wafer group fastened within the last, say, 1/2" to 1" of the end of each cylinder to where each shaft is journaled or A to where each of certain shafts are secured to a gear. The wafer group mentioned consists of two or three closely-spaced washers secured to the shaft at their center holes. Likewise, the one piece drive ring structure previously mentioned as including roller drive gears 435 and 436, and also including, as will be described presently, braking cylinder 478, not only provides a very minimum of inertia for the structural dimensions it must satisfy for roller drive gears 435 and 436 but also provides, with minimum additional inertia, a large braking surface 478, positioned so its effective braking lever arm is long (not radius of surface 478 in FIGURE 20), all so that a maximum rate of belt 34 deceleration can be attained after brakes are applied. Thus, in combination with all the other features available in my sheet handling apparatus is the means available to very quickly stop the apparatus so that any sheet material carried on belt 34 will stop moving in a very short distance when the stop signal is given.

In FIGURE 13, there is illustrated a portion of the mechanism used when it is desired to manually position the various rollers. In initially lining up the sheet material as it passes beneath the lens 37, the operator may find it desirable particularly when the roller 46 iS in the lowered position, shown in FIGURE 2, to have means for manually adjusting the rollers to provide for a slight shifting 0f the sheet material being handled on belt 34 lso as, for example, to bring a particular line of indicia to a proper joint with respect to guide lines 141 and 142 on the lens 37. This is accomplished by depressing the outer ring 22 and then rotating this ring. As shown in FIGURE 13, one of the three pins 214, which is the one not visible in FIGURE 6, is adapted to extend between the two arms of a yoke member 465 which is journaled on a bracket 466 extending from the bracket member 206. The bracket member 465 is secured to a shaft 467 which carries a sleeve 468 in which is journaled a shaft 469 carrying a spur gear 470 at its upper end and a worm gear 471 at its lower end. An idler gear 473 is supported by the outer flange of bracket 206 and by bracket 466 and extends through an opening in outer wall 208 of bracket 206 to be permanently but slidably meshed with the teeth 472 on the outer surface of knob 22. When the knob 22 is depressed, the assembly including shaft 469 and gears 470 and 471 is pivoted on shaft 469 in a counterclockwise direction as viewed in FIG- URE 13 to bring the spur gear 470 into engagement with the idler gear 473. Rotation of knob 22, which is possible by reason of the bearing ring 475, causes rotation of gears 473, 470 and the shaft 469 and consequent rotation of worm gear 471. As best shown in FIGURE 12, the pivoting on shaft 467 of the assembly and shaft carrying the gears 470 and 471 in a counterclockwise direction brings spur gear 470 into engagement with idler gear 473 and simultaneously worm gear 471 into engagement with the teeth 0f gear 450 which, as previously explained, is in engagement with the large drive ring 436. It is evident that rotation of shaft 469 through the teeth 472 carried by the outer surface of ring knob 22 and spur gear 470 will cause rotation of the large drive ring 456 which as has just been explained is coupled to all of the rollers. It will thus be obvious that by the expedient just described, rotation of knob 22 when depressed in this manner permits the operator to move the entire roller belt system arrangement and to advance or retract the sheet material carried on belt 34 by any desired amount.

While I have shown no arrangement in connection with knob 22 `for controlling the clutching mechanism 440 plus the brake solenoid 485, it is to be understood that in parallel with other means provided for disengaging the clutch 440 and momentarily engaging the brake solenoid 485, a switch may be associated with knob 22 which has a switching element in series with one of the leads 441 and 442 and which is actuated when the knob 22 is slightly depressed to open the circuit to the clutching mechanism 440 and close a momentary circuit to solenoid 485. This switch, arranged to be actuated by knob 22 in the same manner as switch 266 is arranged to be actuated by knob 24 in FIGURE 1, will be referred to as switch 495 in connection with FIGURE 14. Thus worm gear 471 can never be engaged without removing the driving power from the system and braking it to a stop in the manner described next.

As previously indicated, it is desirable to abruptly stop the -motion of the various rollers when the driving gears 435 and 436 are declutched from the driving motor 449. In order to accomplish this, I employ a braking means which is automatically energized via switch 266 whenever the driving gears are declutched from the driving motor by action of switch 266. This braking means is also momentarily energized via a section of switch 495 whenever the driving gears are declutched from the driving motor by action of switch 495.

I have shown this braking means in somewhat simplified yform in FIGURE 12. The main driving gear 436 has a cylindrical portion 478 of reduced |diameter which projects to the left. The outer surface of this braking surface 478 is shown in dotted lines in FIGURE 12. A brake shoe 480 is adapted to be moved into engagement with the surface of this braking drum 478. The brake shoe 480 is carried by a lever 481 pivoted at pin 482 which isfastened to the left main bearing plate 201. The lever 481 is in turn connected through a pivoted link 487 to another lever 483 'which pivots on pin 484 fastened on the left main bearing plate. The lever 483 is pivotally connected to the solenoid core 484- of a solenoid 485 which has a winding 486 and is mounted upon the left main bearing plate. As will be explained in connection with FIGURE 14, the braking winding 486 is energized each time that the clutch is de-energized via switch 266 or switch 495. While I have shown only one brake shoe y480 engaging one side of the drum, it is to be understood that brake shoes may be provided on opposite sides of the braking drum 478 so that braking pressure is simultaneously applied to opposite sides of the braking drum. Such expedients are well known in the art and lfor purposes of simplicity, the details thereof have not been shown.

Referring to FIGURE 14, I have shown in highly simplified form the electrical connections to the brake solenoid winding 486 and to the electromagnetic clutch and reversing mechanism 440'. One switch used for controlling these mechanisms is switch 266 which is responsive to downward movement of knob 24 of FIGURE 1. This switch has a single pole double throw section in which contacting element 490 is adapted to engage either of two fixed contacts 491 and 492 with a snap action upon successive actuations of the plunger 267. Switch 266 determines whether bra-ke solenoid 485' is constantly energized or the clutch mechanism 440v is energized. The contacting element 490 is connected to one terminal of a power source 493 through switch elements 495a and 494. -Power source 493 may be of any suitable type to provide the desired voltage to the solenoid winding 486 and the electromagnetic winding of the clutch mechanism of unit 440. The other output of the power source 493 is connected to ground at 496. The switch element 494 may be a section of a main standby-operate switch which is used to apply operating power to a number of the subsystems of the equipment and which, when in the standby position, prevents either the brake or the clutch mechanism from being energized. Another switch used lfor controlling clutch 440 and solenoid 485 is switch 495 which is used when the mechanism of FIGURE 13 is employed for manually moving the belts and thus longitudinally positioning the sheet materials carried by belt 34. This switch 495 has a single pole, single throw section in which contacting element 495a is adapted to disengage xed contact 479 whenever the plunger of switch 495 is held in the depressed position. Also switch 495 has a single pole, double throw section in which contacting element 49511l normally engages fixed contact 489a and is adapted to disengage contact 489a and engage ixed contact 489b whenever the plunger of switch 495 is held in the depressed position. The plunger of switch 495 would be actuated by the depression of knob 22, as pointed out previously. Thus depression of knob 22 would disconnect the circuit to the clutch connection 441 or brake coil 486, depending upon the condition of switch 266 and would connect brake coil 486 through conductor 497, contact 489b, element 495b, capacitor 488, and switch section 494 to power source 493. The charging current for capacitor 488 thus passes through coil 486, causing momentary actuation of the brake solenoid and momentary application of braking forces to the drive ring assembly. The amount of capacitance chosen for capacitor 488 will determine the length of time braking is applied and the strength of the braking force. Of course, release of knob 22 would allow element 495b to return to contact 498a; this resets capacitor 488 for another knob 22 actuated momentary brake application by discharging that capacitor through conductor 477. Thus one can understand how the initial portion of the depression stroke of knob 22 causes disconnection of driving power to, and momentary braking of, the belt drive assembly so that, when the bottom of the stroke is reached and gear 471 engages gear 450, the belt drive assembly, including gear 450, is essentially stationary and free to be rotated by rotation of knob 22.

When switch 266 is in the off position, contacting element 490 is in the position shown in FIGURE 14, in which it is in engagement with fixed contact 491, and a circuit exists to the solenoid winding 486 as follows: from the po'wer source through switch contacting elements 494 and 49561, contact 479, contacting element 490, contact 491, a conductor 497, solenoid winding 486 and ground connections 498 and 496 back to the power source. When the contacting element 490 is in its other circuit controlling position, namely the on position, in which it is in engagement with fixed contact 492, a circuit is established as follows: through the conductors 441 and 442 of the clutch mechanism, from the power supply through switch elements 494 and 495:1, fixed contact 479, contacting element 490, fixed contact 492, conductor 499, input conductor 441, clutching mechanism 440, conductor 442, through ground by way of ground connections `500 and 496 and back to the power supply. It will be apparent from the above that when contacting element 490l of switch 266 is in one position, the brake winding is energized and the clutch is de-energized. When the contacting element 490 is moved to its other position, the clutch mechanism is energized and the brake is de-energize'd. Thus, whenever knob 24 is depressed to bring pin 260 in engagement with plunger 267 of switch 266, the operation of the driving mechanism for belts 34, |44 and 45 is either started or stopped. When the belt driving mechanism is operating, the `depression of the knob 24 moves the switch contacting element 490 of switch 266 from engagement with contact 492 to engagement with contact `491. This will result in removing the driving power from the main drive gears 435 and 436 and immediately applying a braking action thereto by operation of the braking solenoid 485. The result is that the rollers and the belts they carry are brought to an an abrupt halt with a minimum amount of override.

While I have shown only the manually operated switch 266 as determining whether solenoid 486 or clutching mechanism 440 is energized, it is to be understood that where the apparatus is employed for relatively complex functions such as scanning, automatic apparatus may be employed for selectively starting and stopping the rollers. Similarly, I have shown no means of controlling the energization of conductor 443 which operates the reversing mechanism. Again, in the case of automatic equipment, this reversing mechanism could be automatically operated whenever it has become necessary to suddenly stop the rollers. Inevitably, there will be a slight amount of override and the reversing mechanism could be brought on automatically rfor a short time period to bring the sheet material being carried on belt 34 back to very near its position at the time the stop signal was generated. Similarly, it is also possible to provide a manually operated reversing switch connected to conductor 443 yfor selectively reversing the direction of the belts when desired.

Overall operation of apparatus The operation has been described somewhat in detail in connection with the various components of the apparatus. The overall operation will now be briefly reviewed.

Let it be assumed first that individual sheets of material are being inserted into the machine.

Under three conditions, the sheet material will be inserted until it passes beneath the lens 37 as best shown in FIGURE 3.

If the sheet appears too wrinkled through lens 37 as previously explained or if the characters are too small or too large for the purpose for which the sheet is being inserted into the machine, the sheet can be readily withdrawn at this stage and then, at the option of the operator, the keyboard shown at the center of the console in FIGURE l can be used to manually enter the data from the sheet into the machine.

If, however, the sheet material is in satisfactory condi- 

